Bedford Research Foundation Fall 2007 Newsletter
Read about all of the progress and the research that has occurred at the Foundation over the course of the past year, and a retrospective on the past 11! Dr. Kiessling outlines her vision for the upcoming year as well. Thank you for your support.
The Potential for Miracles
Recent advances in stem cell research have raised the hope of curing diseases once believed to be incurable: heart failure, spinal cord injury, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, AIDS. These diseases are the result of the death of specific types of 
cells, such as nerves and the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. For reasons that are not understood, new cells do not automatically replace defective cells in some tissues such as spinal cord, brain and pancreas.
Other tissues, such as skin and blood, routinely replace dying cells with new cells recruited from reserve supplies that maintain the potential to become active and multiply when needed. Such cells are called stem cells.
Skin stem cells are examples of adult stem cells, so-called because they can become only one type of tissue, e.g. skin. In contrast, cells from early embryos are pluripotent, that is, they have the potential to become all types of tissues. Experiments with laboratory mice have demonstrated that pluripotent stem cells can replace dead cells in all organs including the heart, which does not have its own supply of stem cells. These encouraging results have spawned studies to apply stem cell therapy to humans
The Foundation
Bedford Stem Cell Research Foundation is at the forefront of stem cell and related research. Founded in 1996, the Foundation has an established community of scientists investigating stem cell therapies. Committed to conducting ethical research, the Foundation relies on its Ethics Advisory Board to assist with the complex moral questions raised by some aspects of stem cell research. The Ethics Advisory Board, like the Foundation’s Board of Trustees, has no financial stake in the research; the progress of stem cell science and the health of those afflicted are their sole concern.
Unlike most of the pluripotent stem cell research being conducted in the United States with stem cells derived from “left-over” embryos in fertility clinics, BSCRF’s research efforts focus on using unfertilized human eggs to derive stem cells. There are several advantages to using unfertilized human eggs, including greater therapeutic compatibility. Two methods exist for deriving stem cells from unfertilized eggs, Parthenogenesis and Nuclear Transplantation. BSCRF scientists are currently pursuing both.
Stem Cells from Unfertilized Eggs (Parthenotes)
Unfertilized human eggs can be activated in the laboratory, without sperm, to begin to divide into smaller cells that will give rise to stem cells that carry the same potential as embryonic stem cells. This process for deriving stem cells, known as Parthenogenesis, was first reported in monkey eggs by BSCRF Trustee, Dr. Jose Cibelli, in 2001. Dr. Cibelli and BSCRF Director, Dr. Ann Kiessling, extended the work to human eggs in 2001. Their research showed for the first time that, like the monkey eggs, human eggs can also be activated in the laboratory to divide into many cells, giving hope that a line of human parthenote stem cells could be developed. Lack of funding stopped the research, however, before stem cells were developed.
In 2004, thanks to the generous support of the Foundation benefactors, the work began again. At the same time, The Centre for Life in Newcastle, England, also recognized the potential for Parthenote stem cells, and announced a similar program. Currently, The Centre, and The BSCRF are the only two facilities in the world that have announced plans to conduct this research.
Schematic of the derivation of pluripotent stem cells from unfertilized eggs. [A] Parthenote stem cells develop from eggs activated artificially without sperm; the activated egg cleaves into smaller cells, each of which contains a complete copy of the egg’s genes (within chromosomes). The morula stage is 16 to 64 cells; the blastocyst stage is 150 cells; the cells on the inside of the blastocyst are the new parthenote stem cells. [B] Nuclear Transplant (NT) stem cells (ovasomes) develop from activated eggs that have had their genes removed and replaced with the genes from the patient in need. The reconstructed egg cleaves into smaller cells to the blastocyst stage; the cells on the inside of the blastocyst are the new NT stem cells (ovasomes).
Stem Cells from Nuclear Transplantation (Ovasomes)
Nuclear transplantation, sometimes referred to as “therapeutic cloning,” involves transferring the genes from a patient (contained within the nucleus of his/her adult cell) into an egg whose own genes have been removed. Scientists trying to understand how cells become committed to specific tissues and organs first developed this technology over two decades ago.
The scientists discovered that the genes from some adult cells were capable of directing the egg to develop into an offspring, thus proving the adult cells still contained all the original genes from the fertilized egg. This line of research has yielded highly important information about how eggs develop into embryos, and about many diseases.
The research also led to cloning Dolly the sheep in 1997, an event that has caused fear the technology
could be used to clone a human. Although the early steps in the process (fi g 2) are similar, the purpose of the nuclear transplant blastocyst is to provide stem cells, not embryos. Laws prohibiting human
reproduction by nuclear transplantation, but supporting stem cell derivation, have been enacted by a few
states, including Massachusetts.
Most stem cell research conducted in the United States utilizes embryonic stem cells that are harvested from eggs that have been fertilized by sperm. These stem cells are not only highly controversial, they also present the same risk of tissue rejection as any other tissue or organ transplant procedure. In contrast, Parthenote and Ovasome Stem Cells can be custom-derived for each patient. As recently reported in Science magazine (July, 2006), the BSCRF egg donor program for stem cell research is unique in the world.
BSCRF Launches New Research Initiatives
Neurospheres is the term that describes immature nerves growing in laboratory culture. The lack of an abundant supply of neurospheres has stifled research on cures for neurogenerative conditions such as spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease. BSCRF scientists are currently studying neurosphere development from four human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines derived from Harvard University as model systems.
In an effort to raise matching funds and other private financial support, BSCRF has appointed Ron Wudarsky, Senior Development Officer. Mr. Wudarsky brings to the Foundation nearly 30 years of professional development and nonprofit administration experience. Funds will support a team of stem cell scientists and neurobiologists to develop neurospheres from the four human ES lines. Knowledge gained will provide the necessary groundwork for developing neurospheres and mature nerve cells for patients in need. We must raise $280,000 annually for five years to match the challenge grant. Private funds are necessary for these studies because of the federal government moratorium on funding research on stem cell lines derived after 2001.
“We’re very excited about our results to date,” said BSCRF Director, Dr. Ann A. Kiessling. “Matching the challenge grant is our top priority. The U.S. put a man on the moon in 8 years, which proves the power of focus, believing it is possible, and sufficient resources. Patients in need all over the world deserve the same effort.
Who is Bedford Research Foundation?
Philanthropy Is The Key To Continued Progress
The average cost of each experiment is $90,000. Because much of our overhead is covered by fee-for-service laboratory tests, 92% of every dollar donated goes directly toward these experiments. This innovative funding model allows Bedford Research scientists greater flexibility to move quickly in promising new research directions.
Continued progress requires meeting our annual funding goal of $450,000 in 2019.
